ISAIAH 45:1-7

THE BACKGROUND

Israel was defeated by the Babylonians (now Iraq).  They were carted off to Babylon, where they were expected to assimilate into Babylonian life.  Sixty years passed.  Israel is incapable of fighting against the Babylonians, to regain their freedom; they appear to be doomed to never see the Promised Land again.  Cyrus II is the king of Persia (now Iran).  He is poised to defeat the Babylonians, and release the captives.  Cyrus and Persia do not worship the Jewish god Yahweh.

THE DETAILS

• Through Isaiah, God addresses Cyrus II, calling him “his anointed”.  That is the English word.  You know the Hebrew and Greek words, they are “messiah” and “Christ”.  This had to be an outrageous statement to god’s chosen people in exile.  How could a pagan king possibly be Yahweh’s “anointed”?  He doesn’t even know God’s name!  (v. 1)
• God is going to make things easy for King Cyrus, paving the way, breaking down doors, and giving him treasures hidden away in secret places.  (vv. 2-3a)
• The reason God is doing this is clear.  It is for the sake of his captive people, who he lovingly calls “Jacob” in this text. This is good news for Israel, because they are not able to free themselves.  The shocking thing is that God calls upon a non-Hebrew to be his servant, His anointed one.  (vv. 3b-4)
• The last paragraph is a proclamation that our Lord God Yahweh is the one and only god; there are none besides him.  (vv. 5-7)

THE TAKEAWAY

Either we or someone we know has been faced with an impossible situation, only to be saved from disaster. How did that happen?  People of faith believe that is by God’s loving hand. How has God surprised you in your faith walk? 

1 THESSALONIANS 1:1-10

THE BACKGROUND

This letter from Paul to the church in Thessalonica is probably the oldest writing in the New Testament.  It was even written before any of the gospels were put to paper.  These are the opening lines to his letter.  It follows the typical format for most of his letters.

THE DETAIL

• He begins by naming the senders & recipients of this letter, and then greeting them.  It was written by Paul, who included his two assistants’ names Silvanus (also known as Silas) and Timothy.  It is addressed to the people of the church in the Greek city of Thessalonica.  He greets them with a blessing of grace and peace.  (v. 1)
  • Grace, the free gift of God’s mercy and love.
  • Peace, in this case, is “shalom”; wholeness to life and completeness, more than a sense of calm.  If you have the first, the second follows.
• In the second paragraph, Paul praises them for their work.  In particular, he praises them for their faith, hope, and love. These familiar words may also be found in 1 Corinthians 13, especially verse 13.  Besides these three words, latch onto the word “conviction” in verse 5. (vv. 2-5)
• Paul is proud to say that in spite of persecution, they “became imitators of us [Paul, Silas, and Timothy] and of the Lord [Jesus]”.  It always strikes me odd and slightly conceited that Paul tells others to “just be like me!” I now believe that Paul was offering himself as a role model for those going through difficult times.  Jesus, of course, is the perfect role model.  But they had only heard stories about Jesus.  Paul and Silas were there in person.  (v. 6a)
• We now learn more about that conviction.  Paul, Silas, and Timothy came to Thessalonica, taught, and brought many to Jesus.  Some leaders of the synagogue didn’t approve, and stirred up trouble.  There was persecution.  I recommend that you read Acts 17:1-9, to get the whole story.  But the point is that Jesus’ believers there were steadfast in their faith “in spite of persecution…”. (v. 6b)
• This church’s evangelical work is so exemplary, that the news of it spread far and wide. (vv. 7-9)
• Verse 10 is interesting, and worth explaining.  It is a reference to the Parousia, or Jesus second coming.  At the time this letter was written, only about 20 years after Jesus’ life, death, and resurrection, Christians believed that Jesus return would be a little different than we now understand it.  They believed:
  • Jesus was returning very soon.  We now know that at least 2,000 years would transpire before this event.
  • When he returned, after a time of conflict, God would emerge triumphant over evil, and Jesus would reign on earth.  The “wrath that is coming” refers to this time of conflict.  Their beliefs on Jesus’ return were simple. Book of Revelation wasn’t written until about 50 years later.  The message is that they should remain faithful, knowing that God will make things right when Jesus returns.  That is actually what Revelation tells us, anyway.    (v. 10)

THE TAKEAWAY

The Gentiles in Thessalonica left the religion of their families, and became Christians.  Imagine that!  What would it take for you to even change denominations, let alone religions? Their enthusiasm was so great, it caught on.  Others could see their energy and love, and wanted to be a part of that.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Do we display this level of enthusiasm to those around us?  Shouldn’t we? How do we make this happen?
 

MATTHEW 22:15-22

THE BACKGROUND

Jesus is nearing the end of his ministry.  He is in high gear, teaching through the use of parables.  More and more, he is annoying the Pharisees, the High Priest, and other leaders of the established religious organization.  He challenged their thinking, and they didn’t like it. It is good to remember that Jesus was also a Jew, as were almost all of his followers.  He was criticizing his own “church”.  (It really wasn’t called a church, but rather a synagogue.) Increasing, he is making enemies, and they are out to get him.

Also, this passage speaks of Herodians. Most Jews hated the Romans, and everything they stood for.  Herod, who was also a Jew, worked with Rome for his own personal gain both in political power as well as financial gain.  Herodians were Jews who supported Herod’s work.  In a sense, they were traitors to Israel.  But they were seizing the day, and reaping the benefits of supporting Herod and Rome.

NB:  Jesus is into politics here, and I’m afraid I am going to break one of my rules, and also talk politics.  I hope this does not offend.

THE DETAIL

• The Pharisees were so upset with Jesus that they teamed up with the hated Herodians. Their hope was that between the two groups, they could set a trap and shame Jesus in front of his followers. (vv. 15-16a)
• The start out by buttering him up in verse 16b. 
• Jesus sees right through their ploy.  (v.18)
• We all know the rest.  The coin is shown, and Jesus says the famous line “Give therefore to the emperor the things that are the emperor’s, and to God the things that are God’s.” 
• Dumbfounded, they walk away. 
• Jesus clever answer was perfect.  If he said “It is lawful to pay taxes to the emperor”, he would have been called a traitor to the Jewish cause.  If he had said it was not lawful, he would have been called a traitor to Rome.  He would have most certainly been reported to the authorities by the Herodians. 

THE TAKEAWAY

Jesus won the battle, but what do we take away from this story?   

One thing it does not mean is that God is not interested in politics and governmental structures.  In Ezekiel 34, God rails on the religious and political leaders of the day.  (He calls them “shepherds” of his flock.)  They neglected the needs of his flock, and God was not happy with them. God is very interested in how the leaders care for his people.  He holds them accountable; he will judge them.  Many would like to say that this means that God is not interested in taxes.  But I don’t think that’s it, either.  Taxes can provide care for the poor, needy, widows, orphans, etc.  Good government, good “shepherds”, are doing the Lord’s work, if they tax from the abundance and care for the disadvantaged.  My takeaway is the last part of verse 21—“…and [give to] God the things that are God’s.” 

I also think about how Jesus challenged the thinking of the best people of faith in Judea—the Pharisees. 

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

1.  What are “the things that are God’s”, that we should be giving?  Here are a few of my thoughts.

• Is part of this “giving” ensuring that our elected government officials are genuinely concerned about the poor, needy, and disadvantaged?  These are God’s concerns; they should be ours as well.
• Jesus showed compassion to the needy by healing the sick.  He also preached that we should share from our abundance. (“If you have two coats, give one away.”)  Since we are to be imitators of Christ, shouldn’t we heal the sick poor, by taxing the rich?
• Part of this “giving” having a good sense of stewardship.  Realizing that everything we have is a gift from God.  Sharing and tithing, therefore, are simply giving back what was already His.  This holds true for individuals, organizations, and governments.  All are accountable to God.

1. What would we do if Jesus returned, and challenged how we thought about God?  What if he told us that some of the things we were doing that we thought were godly did not please the Father?

ISAIAH 25:1-9

THE BACKGROUND

In theological circles, Isaiah 24-27 is called the “Isaiah Apocalypse”.  An apocalypse is a style of writing which talks about the “end times”.  Some churches use the name “The Apocalypse of John” for the last book of the New Testament, instead of “The Revelation to John”. So today’s passage can be considered to be a look to the future; a glimpse of the end as revealed to Isaiah.

THE DETAIL

The passage can be divided into two sections, verses 1-5 and 6-9. 

• The first section is praise to God for all his saving acts.  These actions do not reference a specific time or place; they are a general summary of God’s loving acts for his people.  As such, it makes it easy and appropriate to extend this praise to our time and place. 
• The second section shifts to a heavenly scene. God prepares a luxurious banquet for us, his people.  The power of death is destroyed, and our tears are wiped away.  The people of God rejoice!

THE TAKEAWAY

For people of faith, the end times signify hope and promise, not fear and foreboding.  Through the gift of His Son on the cross, God truly has destroyed the power of death. For this saving act, we shall sing His praises!

PHILIPPIANS 4:1-9

THE BACKGROUND

These verses are a portion of the closing lines to Paul’s letter to his beloved church in the Roman city of Philippi (in modern day Greece).  If you want to read about how this church got started, and what Paul did there, turn to Acts 16:9-40.

THE DETAIL

• There is no doubt that Paul dearly loves this church. (v. 1)
• Two women in this church were in conflict with one another.  Paul encourages them to resolve their issues.  He calls upon an unnamed “true partner” (“yokefellow” in other translations) to intervene.  Some believe that this partner might have been Lydia, who is mentioned in Acts 16, but this is just an educated guess.  Paus reminds them all of the fine work these women have done to spread the Gospel. Finally, he reminds them that their names are “written in the book”; they will both spend eternity in heaven, so shouldn’t they settle their differences now?  How might this apply to our own lives?  (vv. 2-3)
• He encourages them to “always be glad and gentle with one another”.  (vv. 4-5) This is given in spite of all the troubles that were brewing within that church:
  • Power struggles (1:15-17)
  • Suffering (1:29)
  • Grumbling and arguing (2:14)
  • Forcing Gentile Christians to conform to Jewish Law (3:2)
  • Personal conflict (4:2-3)

Paul tells them to find peace through prayer (vv. 6-7).

• Verse 8 is beautiful, and worth of serious meditation.
• Paul closes this section by offering himself as an example.  While it may sound a little conceited to us for Paul to do this, you must agree that there is merit in this suggestion.  (v. 9)
  • True

THE TAKEAWAY

All of our names are “written in the book”.  We should all strive to set aside our differences, and work together to build up the Body of Christ.

We still live in troubled times.  Our nation is torn apart.  Our churches are in conflict with one another.  Within our churches, members grumble and argue.  Join me in keeping our minds fixed on things that are:

• Pure
• Right
• Holy
• Friendly
• Proper

(v. 8a)
 

MATTHEW 22:1-14

THE BACKGROUND

In my red letter edition of the Bible, these pages of Matthew’s Gospel are all red.  Jesus is doing a lot of teaching.  In the very next chapter, He will go to Jerusalem to teach some more.  There, he will die on the cross.  These are some of his final lessons for us.  In these passages specifically, he is engaged with the Pharisees. He’s trying to get them to repent for their blindness in failing to recognize John the Baptist and himself. 

This parable of Jesus is a wild one.  It is easy for us to get derailed, and miss the point by focusing on the detail.  Let’s pick through this, and try to find the God Message for us.  It follows two similar stories about a king, rejection of the desired participants, and the welcoming of outsiders as replacements. This one is similar, but different.

THE DETAIL

• Jesus tells us that this story is about the “kingdom of heaven”.  (v.2a) 
• This parable is about a king and a wedding banquet for his son.     (v. 2b)
• The king first invites deserved guests to the wedding feast, but there is refusal and violence.  (vv. 3-6)
• The king is upset, and takes action.  (v. 7)
• Then, the king invites others—ordinary street people to the banquet .  This is similar to the vineyard stories we have recently studied.     (vv. 8-10)
• But then it gets weird.  The king sees that someone is not wearing the proper clothes to the banquet.  He has them thrown out!        (vv. 11-13)

THE TAKEAWAY

The point of the parable is the same as the last two parables—those who “should” be first to enter the kingdom will be the last.   Because of their confidence and arrogant piety, they are rejected.  The common street folk come to the banquet instead.

The business about the proper clothing is unusual, and doesn’t sound like Jesus’ love and forgiveness. Let me offer this explanation.

• Back then, a white robe was the appropriate attire for attending a wedding banquet.
• In the book of Revelation (7:13-14) the saints (all believers) of the church wear white robes as a symbol of their holiness. 

Perhaps in this parable Jesus is saying that you need to believe in him (wear the white robe) in order to attend.  You can’t come to the banquet (go to heaven), if you don’t believe in him.

I think I’m going to start wearing a suit and tie to church again, just in case…  (This is meant as a joke.) 

ISAIAH 5:1-7

BACKGROUND

This story occurs early in Isaiah’s role as a prophet. He has a difficult task, because the people of God are not doing what God wishes.  In this case, Isaiah speaks to them using a parable. 

DETAILS

• Isaiah says he will sing them a song.  Other translations say that he will sing them a “love-song”.  (v. 1)
• He tells (or sings) them a story about a friend who plants a vineyard, hoping it would produce sweet fruit. (v.2)
• The listeners are invited to participate, and help the owner decide what to do.  I like to think that clever Isaiah is like a fisherman, teasing the fish with the bait. (v.3) 
• Bad news!  The grapes are bitter.  I’ve read that in the original Hebrew, “bitter” is actually “stinking grapes”!  (v. 4)
• The landowner decides to destroy his vineyard, because it has not provided the hoped-for delicious fruit. (vv.5-6)
• Now, Isaiah “sets the hook”.  God in the story is the landowner, and the vineyard is Israel. God had rescued Israel from slavery in Egypt, and “planted” them in the Promised Land.  He had hoped that they would grow into a beautiful people, bearing sweet fruit of honesty and justice.  They did not.  So now, he will “unplant” them.  A trip to Babylon is in Israel’s future.  (v. 7)

TAKEAWAY

Isaiah chose the literary form of a love song to tell Israel of their disobedience to God.  It might seem odd to call this a love song, since He decides to destroy His “vineyard”.    God loves his people!  We have all known about a marriage where a spouse is not living up to the other’s expectations.  This is exactly what is going on between God and His people.  He loves them, and wants them to grow; but he also wants them to be good, and live up to His expectations.  He expected honesty and justice (v. 7b), but His people let Him down.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Even today, honesty and justice are in short supply. If you doubt that statement, just turn on the television.  We are bombarded with Fact Checks and accusations of Fake News.  Social injustice is at such a level of frustration that rioting and mass shootings are weekly occurrences.  Things haven’t changed one bit since Isaiah’s time.

More than ever, we need Jesus!

PHILIPPIANS 3:4b-14

BACKGROUND

In the verses just preceding today’s selection (vv.2-4a), Paul warns his Gentile Christian friends to beware of people we call Judaizers.  The Judaizers wanted the Gentile Christians to conform to the old Hebrew practices, including circumcision, the dietary rules,  and obeying all the Laws of Moses.  Paul even calls the Judaisers “dogs”.  Back then, calling someone a dog was a terrible insult.  These “dogs” were even bragging about themselves and their Jewish piety. 

DETAIL

• Paul tells the Philippians that he has better bragging rights.  He gives us his resume.  Paul himself was a Pharisee, and was the best of the best!  (vv. 5-6)
• But then, Paul surprises them all, by saying that all that is worthless.  Compared to knowing Jesus, all those spiritual practices are garbage.  The King James Version even uses the word “dung” instead of garbage.  (vv.7-8a) 
• Here is the gold nugget in this passage.  (vv. 7-8a)  (More on this below.)
• For Paul, knowing Jesus and being more and more like Jesus is all that he wants out of life.  (vv. 10-13)
• He likens his spiritual struggle to a foot race. (v. 14)

TAKEAWAY

Verses 5 & 6 give us a glimpse into what it meant to be a Pharisee.  You might remember that last week I said that Pharisees got a bum rap.  Here, from Paul’s pen, we see that there was a good side to being a Pharisee.  Their motives were noble, but they failed in the execution.   

Let’s look at verses 8b & 9, and break it down into three parts:

• All I want is Christ, and know that I belong to him.
• I could not make myself acceptable to God by obeying the Law.
• God accepted me simply because of my faith in Christ.

This is important.  God’s acceptance is there for us, simply by believing in Jesus as his Son.  Obeying the Law does not bring us closer to God, only faith does that.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Paul was a tireless, accomplished evangelist for Jesus. He brought thousands to the faith. His letters to the early churches have provided us with a precious source of knowledge.  Yet, Paul felt that his spiritual journey was not complete. He was still running the race.  I wish that we (including myself, of course) would all have his hunger for spiritual improvement. 

To this day, people of faith seek rules, by-laws, & guidelines for their faith walk.  We want someone to break it down into simple steps for us  Jesus tells us it is simply about love.  Do our church rules reflect the Law of Love, or something else?

MATTHEW 21:33-46

BACKGROUND

We get another parable about a vineyard!  These parables, this week’s and last week’s, come right after the Pharisees have challenged Jesus’ authority.  Both of these parables form Jesus’ response to that challenge.

DETAIL

• This parable starts out almost exactly like Isaiah’s.  Coincidence? I doubt it.  Jesus knew his bible, so I’m sure that he knew of Isaiah’s love-song parable.  I’ll bet that the chief priest and elders were also familiar with the song.  Maybe Jesus starts out his parable like this to get their attention.  But then, his story takes a sharp turn.  (v. 33a)
• When the landowner sends people to get his share of the crop, they are murdered by the renters.  They even murder the landowner’s son as part of a takeover scheme. (vv.33b-39)
• Then, Jesus asks them for an answer.  “What will the landowner do?”  They answer correctly, and in doing so incriminate themselves.  (vv.40-41)
• Jesus quotes Psalm 118:22-23 in verse 42.  More on that below.
• Then, Jesus lowers the boom, telling them that the keys to the kingdom are being taken away from them.  They will be handed over to those “who do what he (God) demands”.  In other words, the followers of Jesus will be God’s beloved, and not the chief priest and elders.  (vv. 43-44)
• This does not set well with them, and they start working out ways to get even.

TAKEAWAY

As with Isaiah’s parable, the landowner is God, and the vines are his people.  The renters are the people who have been put in charge of caring for the “vines”, God’s precious people; the chief priest and Pharisees. The son in the story is, of course, God’s son Jesus.

Jesus is basically telling them that they have done a lousy job of caring for God’s people, and that they are fired.  He states that His followers will now become the true heirs of the kingdom of God. 

When Jesus quotes Psalm 118, he is referring to himself being the stone the builders rejected.  We know now, that he would indeed be rejected most completely.  Cornerstones are the first stones set, when building a new structure.  It is the point from which the entire building is measured.  We also know that he and his church will be the “New Jerusalem”.  This is what the early Christian church called themselves.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

I keep going back to Jesus’s conclusion to the parable (v 43):

“I tell you that God’s kingdom will be taken from you and given to people who will do what he demands.” 

(I’ve added italics to emphasize my point.)

What exactly is it that God demands of us?

After reading today’s passage from Philippians, It is clear to me that it is definitely not obeying the Law of Moses, or any church rules for that matter.  Instead, the answer comes from Jesus’ lips and Paul’s pen:

• 37 He [Jesus] said to him, “‘You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind.’ 38 This is the greatest and first commandment. 39 And a second is like it: ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself.’ 40 On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets.”  (Matthew 22:37-40)
• “For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision nor uncircumcision counts for anything; the only thing that counts is faith working through love.”  (Galatians 5:6)

So, the answer is love, believing in Jesus, and putting that love into action..

EZEKIEL 18:1-4, 25-32

THE BACKGROUND

Ezekiel and Jeremiah were both prophets for Israel before and during their exile.  This was around 598-571 BC.

THE DETAIL

• Today’s reading starts out with God telling Ezekiel that he has heard the people of Israel complaining.  They are repeating an old saying over and over again.  The interesting thing to me is that the people Jeremiah is caring for are complaining, saying the same phrase that Ezekiel’s flock grumbles!  (Jeremiah 31:29-30)  Here’s the phrase:

“Sour grapes eaten by parents leave a sour taste in the mouths of their children.”

This is an odd way for them to complain that they are being punished for the sins that their parents committed.  They’re trying to blame their parents for their going into exile.  This multi-generational punishment concept is taken from the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:5), which states that God will punish to the fourth generation “of those who reject me”.  But even as far back as Deuteronomy (24:16), God says no to this.  Here in Ezekiel God says the same in greater detail.  (vv. 1-2)

• People are being put to death for their sins in this passage.  It seems harsh and unfair.  But we must remember that we’re talking about sin, and “the wages of sin is death”. (Romans 6:23a)  We all sin, and we all will die.  (v. 4b)
• Blaming parents for your wrongdoing is nothing new, is it?  It is a slick way of dodging the guilt.  (I’m thinking of the comedian Flip Wilson’s famous line “The devil made me do it!”) God is not playing this game (vv. 25-29)
• God and Ezekiel make it very clear that we are responsible for our own actions.  They make it equally clear that God does not want to punish us, he wants us to live.  “Stop sinning and live!”  (vv. 30-32)

THE TAKEAWAY

It is so easy to blame someone else for our mistakes. To this day, we like to blame our parents for our bad traits.  In this passage, God tells us that we have no one to blame but ourselves.  The good news is that He is waiting for our repentance. Because of Jesus’ death on the cross, we have forgiveness and life.  He has taken the burden of our sins to the cross with him, so that we can live without this burden.  Thanks be to God!

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

It is never too late to repent and receive God’s forgiveness.  Who have you hurt in the past?  Isn’t it time for reconciliation?

PHILIPPIANS 2:1-13

THE BACKGROUND

Have you ever heard a sermon based on a hymn? That’s exactly what Paul is doing in today’s reading.  He took a popular hymn of the time, and used it to instruct the church in Philippi on how to be “in Christ”. This entire passage is precious, so it is difficult to pick out a few golden nuggets.  But here goes.

THE DETAIL

• The hymn itself is in verses 6-11.  The beginning of our passage are sort of a warm up to this. “Live in harmony by showing love for each other.”  Need we say more?  “… think as if you were only one person.” (v.2b)  That could be interpreted poorly, if one doesn’t look at the big picture.  We know that Paul (and God) value diversity of talent and spiritual gifts.  He states in 1 Corinthians that all the spiritual gifts in their various forms work together to form the body of Christ.  What he’s saying here is that the whole church must live in harmony.  If you have been active in any church or other organization, you know that the road to living in harmony can become rocky.  Disagreements arise in the best of churches.  Paul is just encouraging Christians to get along, and work together in harmony. (vv. 1-4)
• In order for them to get the right frame of mind for this harmony and caring for each other, He tells them to be like Jesus (v.5). 
• He reminds them of the hymn they already know and sing (vv. 6-11).  Allow me summarize.  Warning!—I’m starting in the middle:

Verse 8—Jesus was humble.

Verses 6 & 7—He didn’t have to be humble, he truly was God!  But he gave it all up to become like us.  He became a servant to all.

Verses 10 & 11—we praise God for the beautiful example that God has given us through his son.

• In Paul’s conclusion, he uses the word “obey” three times.  When somebody repeats themselves twice, it means that what they’re saying is very important.  Obedience comes up again in today’s Gospel lesson.  (vv.12- 13)

THE TAKEAWAY

How do we obey God? Look at the first paragraph again. We are to be humble, and love one another, working together as a tight unit.  Verse 5 sums it up—“…think the same way that Christ Jesus thought…”  In other words, be like Jesus!
 

MATTHEW 21:23-32

THE BACKGROUND

Jesus has just cast out the moneychangers from the temple.  He also healed some people in the temple complex.  The church leaders challenge Jesus’ authority to do this.  Jesus answers them with a parable, and challenges their thinking.

THE DETAIL

• I guess if someone came into my church and tore things up, I might ask them “who do you think you are, to do this to my church?” Jesus knew their hearts, and they didn’t realize who they were talking to.  (v.23)
• Jesus asks them a question; two, actually, but who’s counting?  He asks where John the Baptist got his authority from.  Their answer required some cleverness, because they did not take John seriously; they did not repent.  But John had a huge following, and they didn’t want to start a riot.  So they said “We don’t know.”  (vv.24-27a)
• I love Jesus’ answer in verse 27b—“Then I’m not going to answer your question, if you won’t answer mine!”  But Jesus makes his point by telling them a parable (vv.28-30). The story makes his point very clearly.
• The father in the story has two sons.  He gives them both the same order, to work in the vineyard.  The older son refuses to work, but later on does the work of his father.  The younger son agrees to work, but never does. 
• Jesus’ question (v.30b) is “which son obeys the father”?  The answer, of course, is the older son.  This, the Pharisees answer correctly.  But in doing so, they indict themselves.  Jesus has seen through their false piety.  He knows that even though they work hard at keeping the letter of the law, they have totally ignored the spirit of the law—the law of love and mercy. The Pharisees were so content with their law-keeping that they did not see the feel to repent to the likes of John the Baptist or this son of that carpenter (Jesus). 

THE TAKEAWAY

We all sin and fall short.  Periodically, we all need to reflect, reexamine, and yes, even repent. 

So, what exactly is repentance?  It begins with self-examination.  Next comes the realization of where and how we have let God down*, by thought, word, or deed.  Sometimes, it is something we’ve done.  Often, it is something we should have done, but didn’t.  Then, you confess this shortcoming either in prayer with God by talking to another human being.  Sometimes the other human being is your pastor.  At other times, it might be the person you sinned against.  Finally, and most importantly, you make a “U-turn”. You do something to ensure that you don’t do it (or not do it) again.  If you do all this, it is called repentance.  Anything less is a worthless pity-party.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

I think the Pharisees get a bum wrap in the New Testament. They had thoroughly analyzed Holy Scripture, and figured out how to live their lives in a God-pleasing way.  That way was by living in total compliance to the Laws of Moses.  They were confident in their theology; they did not feel compelled to do the “repentance thing”.   

In many ways, we have become more like the Pharisees than Jesus’ disciples.   I believe that the worst thing we Christians can do is feel so confident in our beliefs that we close our minds, and lose our perspective.  Look back at Philippians 2:5-8 for a clear perspective. Let’s be Jesus’ disciples.  Let’s be like Jesus!

* Some call this a “sin”.  That’s OK, but I prefer a more precise definition: 

God has high expectations for all of us.  God sets the bar high, too.  But he knows what our capabilities are.  Any time we know God’s expectations and we fall short, that (to me) is a sin.  We let God down by not living up to his expectations of us. 

JONAH 3:10-4:11

BACKGROUND

This passage is the conclusion of a famous Old Testament story—Jonah and the Whale.  At least that’s what we called it in Sunday school class.  This and last week’s story about Joseph are fun and interesting.  But what’s the God Lesson in this tale? 

By this point in the story, the whale is long gone, and Jonah has completed his task.  What follows is a curious story about a prophet with a bad attitude and a God with unfailing love and patience.  But first, let me give you a rundown of the whole story.  You may find this story in the first two chapters of Jonah. It is a fun story, and I encourage you to read it for yourself.  But look for the God Lesson.

The setting for the story is post-exilic Jerusalem.  The Israelites have endured their 60 years in exile, and have returned to the Promised Land for a fresh start.  The prophet Jonah has been commanded by the Lord to go to the Assyrian city of Nineveh, to preach a word of repentance.  Nineveh was not a Jewish city; they worshiped pagan gods.  So, this was dirty work, and Jonah did not want to do it.  Jonah does head out on a journey, but not to Nineveh.  He heads for Spain on a boat.  Spain is in the opposite direction!  A storm kicks up, and everyone fears for their lives. They draw straws, and Jonah is thrown overboard to lighten the load.  It doesn’t stop there, it gets even better.  A “big fish” (no mention of a whale) swallows Jonah whole, and drops him on shore—right where he needs to be, to walk begin his walk to Nineveh!  So, Jonah begrudgingly resigns himself the task, and goes to Nineveh.  When he gets there, he doesn’t even go to the city center—he stops short, says a one-sentence prophecy, and leaves.  The king hears of the prophecy, and everybody repents—even cattle!  Our story is about what happens after this pitiful but effective prophesy.  This is where today’s passage begins.  It is not about Nineveh, but about Jonah’s reaction to Nineveh’s repentance, and about Jonah’s attitude.

DETAILS

• First of all, God saw that they were repentant, and did not destroy them, He forgave them. (verse 10)
• Jonah’s reaction might surprise you.  He was angry and upset!  He prays to God, telling him that’s why he headed for Spain; he knew that God would forgive them.  He says “… you don’t like to punish anyone, not even foreigners.” (Italics added for emphasis.  Jonah has had it; he’s fed up.  He just wants to die.
• The story takes a few twists and turns in verses 5-9, with a shelter and a vine.
• God summarizes the situation, and tells Jonah why he spared the city.  (vv. 10-11)

TAKEAWAY

In the time after they returned from exile in Babylon, God’s people in Judah were highly focused on being good and righteous.  They carried this to extremes, by doing things such as forbidding Jews from marrying non-Jewish people.  They ignored the directive given to Abraham to be a light to the nations.  The prophet Isaiah reminded them of this order, but they chose to focus only on being good and holy.  They didn’t want to ever go back in exile.  They thought that by keeping all the laws, they would avoid God’s wrath.

In our story, Jonah represents the self-centered attitude of the people of that time.  God calls him, and Israel, to a higher calling; to be a light to all nations.  Jonah/Israel doesn’t want any part of it.  They just want to keep their own backyard clean, and nothing more.  God’s response to this stubbornness is steadfast love. He grows Jonah some shade, at least for a little while.  His words in verse 11 show his love for all people, not just the Jews. 

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

It is not enough for us Christians to “keep our noses clean”.  God has expectations for us.  For some, it is spreading the Gospel.  For others, it is caring for others, teaching, giving, loving one another. 

What is God calling you to do?  Are you simply keeping your own backyard clean, like Jonah, or are you acting on this call?  Either way, God is there beside you, to help you along.
 

PHILIPPIANS 1:21-30

BACKGROUND

Paul is in prison.  We’re not sure exactly where or exactly why.  But we do know that he is there because of his preaching the Gospel. This is a letter to his beloved church in Caesarea Philippi.   

DETAILS

• He starts right off with something astonishing.  He says that he has a choice to live or die, and he is considering his options!  Interestingly, he would prefer to die, to be with Jesus.  A friend of mine at White Oak would tell often tell me that her nightly prayer was to die, and go to heaven to be with Jesus and her husband. God finally answered that prayer. But Paul is young and healthy.  I think he’s just weary of the trouble he runs into, trying to spread this wonderful Good News.  But Paul chooses life, “…to help you grow and be happy in your faith.”  It is because of his mission that he chooses to press on.  (vv. 21-26)
• The second paragraph is an invitation for the Philippians to join him in the struggle to share the good news.
• Verses 28-9 are words of encouragement—“be brave”.  He knows that they may suffer for sharing the good news. After all, he’s in prison for it. 

TAKEAWAY

Paul was dedicated to his mission to spread the good news, regardless of cost.  In the end, it would cost him his life.  Most of us are fortunate in that we don’t have to risk our lives to share the Gospel message. What’s holding us back?  God is calling us to share the Good News, and love those around us.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

I’m thinking of the words to the song “This Little Light of Mine”.  Let’s sing it like we mean it, and show it in our actions!

MATTHEW 20:1-16

BACKGROUND

Jesus is teaching his disciples about how it works with God, about how God’s way is not like our way.  He uses a parable to make his point.  They are surprised at the ending.

DETAILS

The parable starts out easy enough.  The landowner needs some work done in his vineyard.  He hires workers at the usual pay.  They start working that morning.  As the day goes on, he hires more and more workers. At the end of the day, everybody gets a full day’s wages!  It doesn’t seem fair to the workers.  The landowner basically says that what he pays is up to him.  Be happy with your wages. 

TAKEAWAY

Jesus does not interpret this parable, other than stating that “the last shall be first, and the first shall be last”.  Over the centuries, several understandings have arisen for the meaning of this parable.  I will offer mine.

• In the verses preceding this parable, Jesus and his disciples have a discussion about how to get to heaven.  Jesus tells them that it is impossible (Matthew 19:26b).  Peter complains, saying that they have sacrificed a lot to follow Him.  At the end of Jesus’ answer, he also says his “the last shall be first, and the first shall be last” saying.  For this reason, I believe that the two stories are connected.
• Matthew tells us that this parable is about the kingdom of heaven.  We have already heard some kingdom parables, such as the lost sheep and the lost coin.  In these, we discover the importance that God places on those on the fringe of society—the lost, the outcast, the forgotten.
• We know that God forgives, and welcomes repentant sinners into the kingdom of heaven.  We know that even a death row criminal is saved, if he or she accepts Jesus as their savior.  This is what is at the heart of this parable.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

It is easy for us lifetime Christians to be resentful when someone who has led a wild and evil life, and comes to Jesus in their old age. That is not fair!  Where’s the justice? 

Let us be more like God, and less like Jonah.  Let’s rejoice in the recovery of the lost. 

GENESIS 50:15-21

BACKGROUND

The story of Joseph and his coat of many colors is a long and fascinating one.  Actually, that’s what we call the story, when teaching it to Sunday school children.  But the coat has little to do with the story or the God Lesson for the story.  I’ll give you a brief summary of the high points, but I encourage you to read the whole story.  It’s full of twists and turns.  You’ll find it in Genesis, running from chapter 37 and going to chapter 50.  You can skip chapters 38 and 49, which have little to do with the story.

Jacob (nicknamed “Israel” by God) has 12 sons, but Joseph is the clear favorite. Jacob makes Joseph a beautiful, colorful robe.  Joseph’s eleven brothers are green with envy.  To make matters worse, Joseph has dreams which predict that his brothers will bow down to him.  (Gen 37:5-11) His brothers can’t stand it, and sell him off to a caravan headed to Egypt.  They tell their father that Joseph was killed by a wild animal. Things go well for Joseph in Egypt. He rises to the number two spot in Egypt, right behind Pharaoh.  There is a famine, and his brothers come begging for food.  Jacob dies, and Joseph buries him in Canaan, their home.  That’s where our reading begins.

DETAILS

• In verses 15-17, Joseph’s brothers show concern for their safety.  While their father was alive, they had some security.  With the father gone, Joseph could now seek revenge. So, their plea in verse 17 is hiding behind their father’s coat tails. 
• In 17b, Joseph cries, revealing his true emotion. 
• Verse 18 is the fulfillment of Joseph’s childhood dream, found in Genesis 37:5-11.
• Verse 20 is the whole reason for this long story, and the God Lesson for us.  “God made a very bad thing turn out for the best.”

TAKEAWAY

Because Joseph was a man of faith, he saw God’s hand, active in the world around him.  Joseph understood that God used the bad actions of his brothers to prepare a place for them to survive the 7 year famine that was ravaging the middle east. As a result, God saves Jacob’s sons as a remnant of Israel.  These 12 would become the 12 tribes of Israel, delineated in chapter 40.  So, amidst all the nasty stuff going on in this story, God’s grace shines through.  He preserves his people.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Bad things happen to everyone, whether they are bad or good.  The difference for people of faith is that they know that God can work good from the bad.  Non-believers just don’t get that.  Think back on your life at some of the unpleasant experiences that you have gone through.  How has God worked good from them for you and your family?

ROMANS 14:1-12

BACKGROUND

Two things are important to know, before digging into this reading.

1. The church in Rome was a mixture of Gentile Christians and Jews who recognized Jesus to be the messiah.  At times, this caused tension and conflict.
2. Most of the meat consumed by the people in Rome and the middle east was a byproduct of the practice of sacrificing animals to pagan gods. Even though Christians were free from the condemnation of eating this food, many Jews just couldn’t do it.  The Gentile Christians appear to be OK with it. But the problem was that the meat eaters were giving the meat-abstainers a hard time.

DETAILS

• Paul starts out by labelling those who refrain from eating sacrificed meat as “weak in faith”. This is a bit harsh, to be sure. But I think he did this to appeal to the Gentiles.  “You’re strong, they’re weak.  Cut them some slack.”  (vv. 1-3)
• In verse 4, he gives them a subtle reminder of Jesus’ words in Mark 10:42-45. 

“42 So Jesus called them and said to them, “You know that among the Gentiles those whom they recognize as their rulers lord it over them, and their great ones are tyrants over them. 43 But it is not so among you; but whoever wishes to become great among you must be your servant, 44 and whoever wishes to be first among you must be slave of all.”

In other words, we are all servants of the Lord and one another.  We should not judge one another.

• Part of the Jewish religious practices included observing festivals, new moons, etc. (Did you know that the reason Easter changes from year to year is because it is tied to the lunar cycle?)  The Gentiles could care less about all these festivals and lunar hocus-pocus.  Sounds like they were making life difficult for the Jewish Christians who observed them. Paul says that if it gives glory to God, then it is good.  Don’t judge them!  (vv. 5-6)
• Then, Paul steps back, and reminds them of the big picture.  It’s not about us.  It’s all about living for the Lord!  Quit your nit-picking, and start living for the Lord! (vv. 7-9)
• To conclude, Paul reminds them of the ultimate judgement. He suggests that they should quit judging one another, because that’s God’s job.  And we’re all going to be judged in the end.  (vv. 10-12)

TAKEAWAY

Jesus made it clear that we are not to judge one another, but leave that task to God.  We do well to remember that there are different ways of serving, but the same Lord is served.  Our religious practices and even some of our beliefs may vary.  But the important thing is that God is glorified in all of it.  Rather than focus on our differences, we need to concentrate on all the good we have in common.  When we do this, we truly do become the Body of Christ.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

We all love to find fault with other people!  I think it makes us feel better about ourselves, doesn’t it?  But it is very destructive, when you think about it.  It’s just our nature, I guess.  How can we work to build the Body of Christ, rather than pick at it?

MATTHEW 18:21-35

BACKGROUND

This passage directly follows last week’s reading.  Since the subject is about forgiveness, Peter has a question.

DETAILS

• I’m with Peter. Forgiving someone seven times for one transgression seems like enough.  Jesus’ mathematical answer doesn’t mean that we can quit when we hit #490 (seventy times seven).  Jesus is saying that we must keep on forgiving.  (vv. 21-22)
• Then, Jesus tells them a long and peculiar parable.  The details are downright disturbing.  They involve slavery, a HUGE debt (10,000 talents is about $3.5 trillion dollars!), selling off families, and torture.  I’ll summarize it below, in the Takeaway.  (vv. 23-34)
• In the last verse, Jesus gives us the moral of the story.  He says that if we don’t forgive one another, “our heavenly Father will also do to every one of you.”  (v. 35)

TAKEAWAY

A wise preacher once told me that parables are intended to be simple stories with only one lesson.  All too often, we get hung up in the details of the story*, and miss the God Lesson.  Here, Jesus is telling us that God knows all our sins; our sin-debt is huge. God has forgiven us by having His only son die on the cross for our sins.  We must show this same loving forgiveness to those around us, forgiving them without limit.

EZEKIEL 33:7-11

BACKGROUND

Ezekiel and Jeremiah were both prophets in Judah before, during and after the Babylonian captivity.  The difference was that Ezekiel went with the first wave of deported Israelites; he was part of those exiled.  Jeremiah remained in Jerusalem; we don’t know why. This first wave of deportees included the king and his court.  The Babylonian king placed a puppet king in charge of Jerusalem and Judah, King Zedekiah. Zedekiah surrounded himself with false prophets.  Jeremiah’s assignment was to speak for God, which meant contradicting all those false prophets.  Ezekiel, being among those in exile, did the few priestly things that he was allowed to do, mainly providing spiritual guidance for the other deportees. Everybody thought exile wouldn’t last long… everybody except Jeremiah and Ezekiel.  God made it clear to them that it was going to be a long time before they returned home.  These prophets had the difficult task of sharing this word with the people of Israel. Since the people did not want to hear this bad news, Jeremiah and Ezekiel lived hard lives. By the way, when God speaks to Ezekiel, he calls him “mortal”. 

DETAILS

• Today’s reading occurs about ¾ of the way through the book of Ezekiel.  If you look at the call of Ezekiel, in 3:16-21, it reads exactly like chapter 33, verses 7-9.  I believe that God is reminding the prophet of his call.  I also believe that He is reminding Ezekiel that his job is to say the word, and that he’s not responsible for the people’s actions.  In other words, God is telling Ezekiel to just say it and walk away.  If they don’t listen, that’s OK; you’ve done your job.
• Verse 10 is interesting.  The deported people of Israel state that they are so weighed down by their sins and transgressions that they despair of having any hope.  When conquering nations take people into exile, the typical thing is for them to blend into their new surroundings, and never return to their homeland.  No hope. 
• God’s grace shines through in verse 11.  He doesn’t want anybody do die.  He wants repentance and a relationship.  He gives them hope.

TAKEAWAY

It is difficult to share the truth or the Good News with someone, only to have them reject it.  We can take comfort in these words from God through Ezekiel.  Our job is to say the words.  The Holy Spirit’s job begins at this point. 

ROMANS 13:8-14

BACKGROUND

Paul is still talking about the Law of Moses vs. the Life in the Spirit. Now, he joins them together, and issues a call to action.

DETAILS

• The first three verses of this passage reiterate that which we already knew—we must love one another.  Paul mirrors Jesus’ words (Mt. 22:34-40), when he says that all the laws are summed up in this one word of love.  If we all have perfect love, we will be kind and loving to one another. There will be no need for any rules or laws.  But we are not all Christians, and none of us are perfect.  So, I guess we need rules after all.
• Verse 11 tells us that Paul and the believers thought that Jesus would return very soon.  There was no time to lollygag around.  Furthermore, they felt that their salvation would be complete upon his return and the judgement to follow.  2,000 years later, we understand things a little differently.  God the Father and Son appear to have more patience than we originally thought.  Perhaps they are waiting for us to do a better job at spreading the Good News. During this in-between time, we live “in the Spirit”, living honorable lives as delineated in verse 13.
• Paul summarizes it neatly in verse 14, urging us to “put on Christ”, or to clothe ourselves in Him.

TAKEAWAY 

• Let us all strive to earnestly love one another.  Some say that rules were meant to be broken.  I say, that if the Law of Love indicates that you should break a rule, then have at it!
• I have always maintained that it really doesn’t matter if Jesus comes to me first, or if I go to Him first.  The main thing is that we love Him and each other, so that we all live this Spirit Life He intended for us to live.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

How do you envision “putting on Christ”?  Is Jesus like a fine robe that you clothe yourself with? Or is it like a hat that changes your outlook on life?  Or is it “putting on the armor of Christ”?

MATTHEW 18:15-22

BACKGROUND

The eighteenth chapter of Matthew begins with the disciples asking Jesus a question:  “Who is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven?”  After he answers that question (see below), he goes on to talk about our relationships with one another.  He tells them how to handle conflict in a God-like way.  Then he talks about forgiveness.

DETAILS

• In case you looked up Matthew 18:1-14, I will explain that in this bullet point.  The disciples asked Jesus a question about pecking order in the kingdom of Heaven.  Remember from last week that God’s priorities often seem to be the opposite of ours?  Here, Jesus gives them another God Answer.  Jesus says that they must change and become humble, like children; those disciples will rise to the top.  I’ll bet they weren’t expecting that answer!
• Jesus then goes into detail on how to handle a conflict between believers. I guess he knows us well enough to realize there will be conflict! To summarize, he tells them that whatever they agree to will be “ratified” in heaven.  He has given us the authority that truly belongs only to the king.  He says that what we decide (“bind”) here on earth will be OK’d by our king in heaven. 
• Verse 20 will be mentioned in “Food for Thought”.
• Verses 21 & 22 are not part of the text to be read on Sunday, but they are relevant.  Peter asks about the limitations on forgiveness.  What he receives is yet another God Answer.

TAKEAWAY

• This process for handling conflict has been used by churches throughout the centuries.  It is a good process that has the good foundation of the love and grace of God.
• It is good to know that we have heavenly approval for our actions in these situations.
• It is most important that in the end, we forgive all those involved “seventy times seven”.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

• In this aggressive, dog-eat-dog world, only the strong survive. Jesus tells us that in God’s kingdom, the most revered are those who have a child-like humility.  We must live in this world, but behave like Children of God. How can we do that?
• Jesus said that “wherever two or three are gathered in my name, I am there among them”.  He could have said “If you believe in me, I am with you”, but he talks instead about a gathering of two or more.  In our modern world, we place the highest emphasis on individuality.  We often talk about our personal relationship with our Lord. Here, Jesus is encouraging us to come together as a community of believers.